 | Scientists found that female mosquito fish reacted more favorably to images of males with digitally enhanced gonopodia (top), but that males with larger gonopodia had more difficulty escaping from pedators. |
Competing evolutionary mechanisms influence male genital size in some fish species, reflecting the tradeoff between a capacity to attract mates and the ability to quickly evade predators, according to a report by scientists from Yale, Washington and Texas A&M universities published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Variation in the size of male genitalia in animals that have internal fertilization has long been of scientific interest. While competitive advantages of sperm robustness and other post-mating sexual selection criteria have been widely studied and posed as evolutionary explanations for the variations, the roles of pre-mating sexual selection and natural selection have been less well-studied.
Postdoctoral fellow Craig A. Layman in Yale's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, working with lead investigator Brian Langerhans at Washington University and Thomas J. DeWitt at Texas A&M University, analyzed the gonopodia -- or modified fin that transfers sperm to females -- in western and Bahamas mosquitofish. Mosquitofish cannot retract their gonopodia, and they often display or swing them during courtship.
"Our results suggest that both mating selection, favoring larger genitalia, and natural selection, favoring reduced size, may direct evolution and diversification of genitals," says Layman.
The researchers studied female preference and male swimming performance in the two species of mosquitofish. In laboratory experiments, females preferred to spend time with videos of males displaying digitally enlarged gonopodia rather than those with average-sized gonopodia, implying sexual selection for increased gonopodium size, say the scientists.
Yet the researchers also found that males with larger gonopodia were slower to escape potential predators through evasive swimming bursts.
The research was funded by a Yale Donnelley Environmental Fellowship, a Sustainable Coastal Margins Program Fellowship, a Texas Water Resources Institute Mills Scholarship, an Environmental Protection Agency Science to Achieve Results Fellowship, and a National Science Foundation Grant.
-- By Janet Rettig Emanuel
T H I S
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