Yale Bulletin and Calendar

February 29, 2008|Volume 36, Number 20

Because they influence their prey's habits and movements, predators such as this jumping spider have a strong impact on an ecosystem.

Yale study offers revolutionary
view of ecosystem ecology

Predators have considerably more influence than plants over how an ecosystem functions, according to a Yale study that offers a revolutionary shift in thinking on the subject.

Ecosystem ecologists have long held that plants and their interaction with the soil determine the type and abundance of herbivores and carnivores in an ecosystem. The new findings, published Feb. 15 in the journal Science, show that the opposite it true, according to author Oswald Schmitz, the Oastler Professor of Population and Community Ecology at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies.

“Most ecosystem ecologists think that the supply of nutrients in plants determines who can live up in higher trophic (feeding) levels,” says Schmitz. “This study shows that it’s the top trophic levels determining how the plants interact with the soil.”

In a three-year experiment conducted in 14 enclosed cages at Yale-Myers Forest in northeastern Connecticut, Schmitz observed that the jumping spider, known also by its Latin name Phidippus rimator, prowls its neighborhood, or ecosystem, and engages in random acts of violence against its plant-eating prey, the garden variety grasshopper, Melanopuls femurrubrum.

Much like victims of crime, grasshoppers facing an imminent threat go into a heightened state of alert. The grasshoppers take refuge in the ecosystem’s dominant plant, the goldenrod. With mobility restricted, the grasshoppers dine on their own shelter and through this process of destruction, promote habitat diversity. The goldenrod’s competitors — Asters, Queen Anne’s Lace and a variety of clover and grasses — flourish. Diversity comes at a price, say the scientists. With the demise of the goldenrod, nitrogen — a key fertilizer in the soil’s renewal — is depleted.

In a separate part of the experiment, nursery web spiders (Pisaurina mira), which Schmitz describes as “sit-and-wait ambush spiders” because they are coy about their predatory intentions, occupy a certain “bad neighborhood,” enabling grasshoppers to avoid them, roam the ecosystem and eat a wider variety of plants. In this milieu, the goldenrod thrives, ultimately nourishing the soil when its nitrogen-rich tissue decays.

These enclosed metal cages were used as part of a three-year study of ecosystem ecology in the Yale-Myers Forest. The scientists — led by Oswald Schmitz of the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies — offered a "top-down" view of ecosystem ecology. While it has long been held that plants have the most influence over how an ecosystem functions, this study suggests it is predators and how they influence the habits of their plant-eating prey.

“What’s really cool here is that different spiders have different hunting modes, and it’s those modes that cause grasshoppers to behave differently, which then carries down the chains of the community structure of the plants,” says Schmitz. “So it’s a top-down view and, in that sense, it’s revolutionary because it’s a paradigm change in ecosystem ecology. Plants, ecosystem ecologists say, have an indirect effect on carnivores. My research shows that carnivores have an indirect effect on plants.”

Schmitz says that the study’s underlying principles apply to larger ecosystems, such as Yellowstone National Park, and have implications for conservation policies. “If elk are facing cougars, which are ambush predators, they’re going to change where they are on the landscape. Whereas when elk face wolves, they may not change their location; they’ll only respond to an imminent threat, because wolves are continually wandering around on the prowl.”

He adds, “We know that elk can have a huge impact on plant diversity and, as a consequence, nutrient cycling properties. And so by the way they use the landscape, depending on what predator they have, that will change the local ecosystem processes.”

Funding for the study was provided by the National Science Foundation’s Ecological Biology program.

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