dialysis patients, study shows
A medication normally used to treat low blood pressure may also help kidney disease patients avoid some of the serious side effects of dialysis, according to studies presented by a Yale researcher at the annual National Kidney Foundation Meeting on April 20 in Orlando, Florida.
"The results of the studies show that midodrine not only effectively blunts the fall in blood pressure during and after dialysis, but it is also well-tolerated and easy to administer," says Dr. Mark Perazella, associate professor of medicine and director of the Acute Dialysis Services at the School of Medicine.
About 250,000 patients with end-stage renal disease undergo dialysis, a life-saving procedure that clears toxins and excess fluids from the blood. Between dialysis sessions, the patients accumulate excess fluids, but after the fluids are removed, the vessels are unable to constrict and return blood to the heart, causing intradialytic hypotension (IDH), or very low blood pressure.
This condition affects 20% to 50% of dialysis patients and can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness and even life-threatening symptoms such as abnormal heart rhythms and diminished blood supply to the heart and brain. These side effects often cause patients to stop treatments. Perazella says that most medications used to treat IDH in the past have been either modestly effective or poorly tolerated.
IDH occurs most often in dialysis patients who are older, people with diabetes or heart disease, and people whose bodies cannot automatically compensate for dialysis-induced fluid loss by constricting the blood vessels to maintain blood return to the heart. The number of at-risk patients is growing; at least 20% of dialysis patients are over 65, and more than half suffer from other illnesses, such as diabetes or high blood pressure.
"The complications of IDH take a substantial toll on patients' health and quality of life, which can force them to discontinue dialysis in the middle of their treatment," Perazella says. "This can increase the risk of infections and prolonged bleeding, and can even cause premature death. These data found that midodrine can reduce the symptoms associated with abnormally low blood pressure that can occur during dialysis."
Midodrine works by stimulating nerve endings in the blood vessels, causing them to constrict. As a result, blood pressure is increased. It is used more broadly to treat orthostatic hypotension, a condition in which people experience low blood pressure and other cardiovascular symptoms after standing up from a sitting position, or after standing in a fixed position for a prolonged period
In studies published in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Perazella found that midodrine was effective in patients with IDH who were resistant to other therapies. He also showed that the effects of midodrine were long-lasting. A significant improvement in patients was noted at one, five and eight months of therapy. In a comparative study with cool dialysate, a proven therapy for dialysis-associated hypotension, Perazella found that midodrine was associated with fewer side effects, and there were no adverse effects observed in any of the studies. Midodrine was also shown to be effective in elderly patients as well as those with diabetes.
-- By Karen Peart
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