become resistant to antibiotics
Using X-ray crystallography, researchers at Yale have "seen" the structural basis for antibiotic resistance to common pathogenic bacteria, facilitating design of a new class of antibiotic drugs, according to an article in Cell.
In recent years, common disease-causing bacteria have increasingly become resistant to antibiotics, such as erythromycin and azithromycin. Although the macrolide antibiotics in this group are structurally different, they all work by inhibiting the protein synthesis of bacteria, but not of humans. They bind tightly to an RNA site on the bacterial ribosomes, the cellular machinery that makes protein, but not to the human ribosomes.
Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics in several different ways. When bacteria mutate to become resistant to one of these antibiotics, they usually are resistant to all antibiotics in the group.
Studies illuminating one of the ways that bacteria can become resistant to macrolide antibiotics have been led by Thomas A. Steitz and Peter B. Moore, respectively Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and Sterling Professor of Chemistry.
"A major health concern of antibiotic resistance is that two million people every year get infections in hospital facilities and 90,000 per year die from them," says Steitz. "Macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is the most common of these infections."
Some of the clinically important bacteria are resistant because of mutation of a single nucleotide base, from an A to a G, in the site where macrolide antibiotics bind to the ribosome. The Yale group was able to "see" structural alterations when antibiotics were bound to ribosomes with different sensitivity to the drugs because of mutation.
They can now explain why that mutation has the effect that it does. "The mutant G has an amino group that pokes into the center of the macrolide ring, causing it to back off the ribosome by an Angstrom or so," says Steitz. The change of that one base in the ribosomal RNA reduced the ability of the antibiotic to bind by a factor of 10,000.
Mutation of this type happens naturally, but rarely -- only one in 100,000 to one in 10,000,000 bacterial mutations will cause this kind of resistance. However, each bacterium can divide as often as every 20 minutes, allowing one with a resistant mutation to rapidly cause a dangerous infection.
Steitz and Moore are among the co-founders of Rib-X, a New Haven-based start-up company that has exclusive license to the high-resolution crystal structure of the ribosome they revealed. Rib-X is utilizing this information to create new antibiotics; they project Phase-I trials of their first drug to begin in early 2006.
Daqi Tu, a student, and Gregor Blaha, a postdoctoral fellow in molecular biophysics and biochemistry and an associate of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, are co-authors on the study. Funding for this research was obtained from the National Institutes of Health and the Agouron Institute.
-- By Janet Rettig Emanuel
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